• Hester, J. David, 2003. Rhetoric of the Medical Management of Intersex Children. (PDF)
• Hester, J. David, 2003. Intersex(es) and the Rhetoric of Healing (PDF)

Dr. Ellen K. Feder, of American University, has written an excellent and important chapter on parents and intersexed children in a volume on care and dependency. The work is significant in that it is the first account of intersex based on interviews with parents. Dr. Feder argues that the isolation of parents and medicine's failure to take account of their experiences is unfortunate; but more than that, parents' isolation and confusion are built into the treatment process itself:

• Ellen K. Feder, 2002, "Doctor's Orders: Parents and Intersexed Children." Pp. 294-320 in The Subject of Care: Feminist Perspectives on Dependency, edited by Eva Feder Kittay and Ellen K. Feder. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Read the article on-line. (PDF)

Another groundbreaking study by Catherine Minto, Sarah Creighton, and colleagues was published in The Lancet, the leading medical research journal in the UK. The article examines the effects of clitoral surgery on sexual function:

• Minto, Catherine L, Lih-Mei Liao, Christopher R J Woodhouse, Phillip G Ransley, Sarah M Creighton. The effect of clitoral surgery on sexual outcome in individuals who have intersex conditions with ambiguous genitalia: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2003. 361:1252-57. Available online at:
  • Effect of Clitoral Surgery
    Registration with the Lancet is required however it is FREE and the article is also FREE

Excellent article by Sheri Berenbaum, Dept of Pyschology, Pennsylvania State University examining the treatment protocols for intersex children, and the lack of adequate follow-up studies:

• Berenbaum, Sheri A 2003 Management of Children With Intersex Conditions: Psychological and Methodological Perspectives. Growth Genetics. 19(1) 1. Available online at http://www.gghjournal.com/volume19/19_1/articles/beren.htm

Recent article by Berenbaum and Bailey that indicates most girls with CAH have female gender identity regardless of surgical status:

• Berenbaum, Sheri A., Bailey, Michael J. 2003, Effects on Gender Identity of Prenatal Androgens and Genital Appearance: Evidence from Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 88(3):1102-1106. Web access is pay per article from http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/3/1102

Dr. Nina Williams had a wonderful, yet disturbing case study about one of her clients. Nina is also on the founding Board of Directors of Bodies Like Ours. This case study was presented at the American Psychological Assn annual meeting, SF 2001:

• Williams. 2002. The Imposition of Gender: Psychoanalytic Encounters with Genital Atypicality, Psychoanalytic Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 3, 455-474

Early androgen effects on aggression in children and adults with CAH-Entrez-PubMed

Effects of early androgens on sex-typed activities and interests in adolescents

Effects of fetal androgen on childhood behavior - Entrez-PubMed

Gender-related behavior and attitudes - Entrez-PubMed

Personality characteristics and platelet MAO activity in CAH women - Entrez-PubMed

Psychological findings in early treated cases of female pseudohermaphroditism - Entrez-PubMed

Psychosocial sequelae - Entrez-PubMed

Sexual behavior in adolescent and adult females - Entrez-PubMed

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